TMA 04 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

TMA 04 - Essay Example This provides a visual reinforcement of her miserable plight which in Ovid is done through the account of her tears and words. In Titian’s painting, Andromeda’s royal parents are left out entirely. The dialogue that takes place between Perseus and Andromeda’s parents, wherein he extracts the promise of their daughter’s hand in marriage from them before attempting to save her, is an important point of note; especially in the present literary milieu which encourages such gendered readings of myth. This possible source of feminist contention is done away with entirely in Titian’s work. Ovid’s account of Perseus slaying the monster is an amazingly descriptive, rapid piece of verse. Almost like cinematic action, Ovid’s account unfolds the event in blow-by-blow descriptions. This wonderful tactile and immediate quality of Ovid’s writing is transformed in Titian into the unrealistic, expressive postures of the characters painted. Titia n’s Perseus is depicted almost entirely upside down and his face is enraged, alive. The monster too looks poised, tightly coiled as if in fear and with a similar, intense look on its face. The effect of the colourful textual description is adapted and encapsulated into the painting by way of intense expressions, visual contrasts and exaggerated body postures. Even Andromeda’s physique in the painting looks robust and strong, even though feminine; unlike the more helpless Andromeda in Ovid. Titian’s painting allows a reader of Ovid’s mythical story of Perseus and Andromeda to visualise the most intensely alive moment of the narrative. The action-packed description in verse is aided by the vivid colours and extravagant detail in Titian. The foregrounding of Andromeda, her voluptuous and robust physique, and the absence of the mourning parents serve to create an alternative version of Andromeda. Andromeda is given a more liberated and central position in Tit ian as opposed to the meek Andromeda, helpless and largely without agency that we see in Ovid. To compare it with another famous painting of Perseus and Andromeda, one by Peter Paul Rubens, it is interesting to note the differences. Rubens selects a different moment in the myth to represent. The moment shown here is after Perseus has slain the monster and depicts his victorious conquest of both monster and Andromeda. The picture is busy and crowded with minor characters. There is the head of the monster in Perseus’s hand; there are cherubs and angels and even a flying horse in the picture. Rubens, having studied Titian, must have been aware of his version of the painting and yet chooses a much more tranquil moment to paint. [497 Words] Part II In what ways does Ovid manipulate myth in order to highlight his theme of metamorphosis? Do you consider that this technique can lessen the myth’s impact and coherence at times? Answer with reference to specific mythic narrative in Metamorphoses. Answer: In Metamorphoses, in a bid to highlight his chosen theme of metamorphosis, Ovid uses myth to substantiate his claims. Sometimes this is done at the cost of authenticity of myth; of course, authenticity of myth is in itself a rather problematic issue. Unlike in Amores, where Ovid claims to have been misled by Cupid into writing about love, in Metamorphoses Ovid invokes the gods to make him able to write about the history of transformation in the world: In noua fert animus mutatas dicere formas corpora: di coeptis (nam

Columbus Day Essay Example for Free

Columbus Day Essay When asked should Columbus Day be celebrated? The answer we get is yes because we have a holiday on Monday of the second week of October. Columbus Day is the celebration of the day Christopher Columbus apparently discovered America. If I was asked that question I would say most definitely we shouldn’t celebrate Columbus Day. First, he brought disease that spread around the Americas killing 9off the Native Americans. Second, most people think that by celebrating Columbus Day we are celebrating the discovery of America, which is not true. Third, he destroyed Native Americans and their culture. Firstly, he brought a boat load of disease that spread around the Americas killing off the Native Americans. When Christopher Columbus came to America he brought many diseases that Native Americans weren’t immune to. Some of the diseases he brought were measles, mumps, smallpox, and many more. Smallpox was one of the most know disease he brought to America. The Native Americans had never been exposed to these types of diseases and millions of them died from it. The diseases would kill the entire families and villages and cause of that Native American tribes and cultures were damaged. By celebrating Columbus Day we are celebrating the damage he produced to Native Americans. Secondly, most people think that by celebrating Columbus Day we are celebrating the discovery of America, which is not true. How can America be ever discovered by him if there were people living there? America was already exiting and you can’t discover something that already exists. Christopher Columbus did not find North American on purpose and he was not the first to find it either. Leif Ericsson of the Viking found North America first. So technically Christopher Columbus didn’t discover America so why should we have a day just for him? It just doesn’t make sense to have a holiday for someone but there is no really reason behind it. Thirdly, he destroyed Native Americans and their culture. Christopher Columbus was an uncaring and a harsh person. He mistreated Native Americans when they tried to be welcoming to him and his crew. He killed many Native Americans and slaves, the killing led to culture and tribes damaging. The only thing he was after for were Gold and Slaves. He took so much from the helpless Native Americans and was selfish and heartless. He neglected them in every nasty way possible and gave them cruel and unusual punishments. Why should we celebrate a day for a person that has mistreated our people? That like saying you have used me many times but I will still go back to you. We shouldn’t celebrate a day for a person that was as careless, and heartless as him. In conclusion, in America every year we celebrate a day called Columbus Day. Many people believe we celebrate Columbus Day because he discovered America. It’s not possible for him to discover America if there were people living there already. If you look deep into what worthy and cruel things Columbus had done for us, most of them will be cruel things. I don’t think we would want to have a national holiday for the person who has done so much cruel things to us. Firstly, he brought lots of disease that spread around the Americas killing off the Native Americans. Secondly, most people think that by celebrating Columbus Day we are celebrating the discovery of America, which is not true. Thirdly, he destroyed Native Americans and their culture. In my opinion we should not Celebrate Columbus Day.

Chinese Telecom Industry Essay -- essays research papers fc

December 11, 2001 was a long awaited day for both local businesses, as well as for foreign investors. It was the day that the Chinese State Council promulgated the Regulations for the Administration of Foreign Invested Telecommunications Enterprises (FITE) which were scheduled to come into effect on the 1st of January 2002. Since it’s accession to the WTO, foreign telecommunications have eyed what is arguably the largest telecommunication’s industry in the world, and growing at a rate of over 20 per cent per annum. Having said that, Bureaucratic influences have stunted what were once crucial and foreseeable changes in regulation, the effect being cushioned only by government investment into the industry. â€Å"We encourage more investment into the telecommunications sector as we are moving into a critical stage since the industry is deepening its reform and telecom equipment is upgrading†, says Xi Guohua of the Ministry of Information Industry (MII). However, although this quote quite accurately reflects the attitude of the Chinese Government with regard to foreign investment, stringent regulation is a hurdle which is still making it difficult for foreign firms to penetrate the market. As of October 2004, 10 out of the meagre 12 applications made by foreign firms to provide telecom-related services have been pending approval for over 12 months . Along with these characteristic delays in Government approval (often blamed on red tape-ism) come the problems of stringent regulation...

What is Virtue Epistemology? :: Philosophy Virtues Ethics Papers

What is Virtue Epistemology? This paper functions as a brief introduction to virtue epistemology, a topic that has enjoyed a recent gain in popularity among analytic philosophers. Here I maintain that the defining feature of virtue epistemology is its focus on the intellectual virtues and vices rather than the evaluation of belief. What constitutes such a focus? And, what are the intellectual virtues? In the first section, I enumerate five different ways in which virtue epistemologists might focus on the virtues. In the second, I discuss four topics pertaining to the nature of the intellectual virtues themselves: (1) are the virtues natural or acquired?; (2) are they skills?; (3) are they instrumentally, constitutively, or intrinsically valuable?; and (4) what relation do they bear to truth? Throughout the paper, I identify which virtue epistemologists are partial to which views, and in this manner, catalog much of the recent debate. In conclusion, I suggest some topics for future study. I have no answer to these arguments, but am finally compelled to admit that there is not one of my former beliefs about which a doubt may not properly be raised; and this is not a flippant or ill-considered conclusion, but is based on powerful and well thought-out reasons. So in future I must withhold my assent from these former beliefs just as carefully as I would from obvious falsehoods, if I want to discover any certainty. — Rene Descartes (1) Much of contemporary analytic epistemology is still steeped in a vigorous form of Cartesianism. Granted, there are some analytic epistemologists who have denied Descartes' foundationalism, and others who, in preserving foundationalism, have rejected the infallibility of foundational beliefs. Still others have attacked his internalism, doubted the seriousness of the threat of skepticism, or attempted to eradicate the abstract, isolated "I" of the Meditations. But, despite this seemingly comprehensive critique of Cartesianism, one of its essential elements has escaped widespread criticism and currently operates as a background assumption in much of contemporary epistemology. This element is the basic Cartesian framework itself, which dictates the primary objects of epistemic evaluation, and in so doing, directs the course of epistemological inquiry. As indicated by the passage above, Cartesian systems focus on the evaluation of beliefs or propositions believed. A perfunctory survey of current epistemological theory will confirm its focus on the evaluation of beliefs. For, even those who reject other facets of the Cartesian program routinely concentrate on justification and knowledge.

Relationship between pressure and volume Essay

Questions – According to the result of the experiment, the relationship between variables such as volume and pressure was inversely related. However, the graph that showed the relationship between 1/volume and the pressure was directly related. – Gas law was defined by many scientists. However, the relationship between volume and pressure was proved by Boyle who made Boyle’s laws which defined pressure and volume are inversely proportional. If the pressure goes up, the volume will go down and vice versa. However, if we put the volume inversely, then the relationship between pressure and the inversed volume will be changed into directly proportional. – KMT (Kinetic molecular theory) helps to explain macroscopic properties of gases such as pressure, temperature of volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. It says that pressure is due to collisions between molecules moving at different velocities. If the gas is in a container, the collision with the wall is instantaneous and elastic. Therefore, its shape is changeable by pressure or temperature. However, at some point, the volume does not change little when there is no more space between molecules or the collision with wall is stronger than the pressure. As we can see in the result of the experiment, there is bigger difference between weak pressures and smaller difference between strong pressures. At the end there is almost no difference between pressures. The other graph that volume was inversely drawn shows constant increase which is directly proportion. We can also find the shape of graph from the equation. The origin equation of Boyles’ law is P?1/V à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ P=k(1/V) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ PV=k. Conclusion From the experiment, I was able to determine the mathematical relationship between pressure and volume. According to the Boyles’ law, Pressure*Volume has constancy because pressure and volume are inversely related to each other. To find out the pressure, I had to fine out the mass and the area of contact because the pressure has a formula (Mass/Area). According to the formula, the pressure of a book had 251g/cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1440/5.73 = 251g/cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½). Therefore, the pressure will be constantly changed by the number of books. It is not the end of the pressure. I had to add the total pressure on the piston equals the pressure from the books plus the atmospheric pressure. For the volume part, I just had to record the scale of syringe that shown according to the number of books. The more books press the syringe, the less scale of volume was shown. From the Boyles’ law, P?1/V à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ P=k(1/V), PV=k(constant) can be deduced. Form the mathematical calculation based on the Boyles’ law, the volume was exactly decreased, when the pressure was increased. In addition, Pressure*Volume showed the constancy, even if it contained huge uncertainties. Therefore, the conclusion will be same as Boyles’ law that the pressure and the volume are inversely proportional. To make the graph which shows the relationship between pressure and volume more understandable, I supposed the small numbers (50-1000) of pressure that would give much bigger volume by dividing constant from pressure. According to the graph, smaller number of pressure has bigger number of volume, and vice versa. Limitation There were a few limitations in my laboratory. First of all, as you can see in the volume part, there is no volume difference between no book and with a book which means there was not any pressure between these. I think that was because of the supporting thing which was the top of the syringe where we put the books. It seemed that it had reasonable weight as much as a book had. Secondly, there were huge uncertainties between theory and my experiment as we can assume that the experiment is not reliable. For example, the uncertainty of constant of Pressure and Volume, it had 8% of uncertainties so the biggest constancy was 1200 (highest constancy was 46,900 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3750 – the lowest constancy was 45,700 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3660) Moreover, I found that there was not constant pressure due to the unstable syringe, I had to make the balance point so my pressure by hands might influence the results. Improvement Fortunately, my experiment had a few odd points so it was rather successful. However, to improve my experiment, I need to figure it out the mass of the support thing that was on the top of the syringe. Due to the resistance by supporting stuff, there was not any volume difference between no book and a book. For the next time, we may find how much it can support it so we can subtract that weight. There were huge uncertainties that prove the results are not reliable. To reduce the uncertainties, we need to measure more accurately with more significant digits. Also, I can do more trials to make the result more accurately. Besides, we need to find more stable equipment that we do not need to find the balance point and put pressure by hand accidently. In addition, make it sure that the gas which was blocked to be released by piston should not be leaked. Lastly, when any scale is measured, make it sure that all of them are accurate so that the uncertainty will be less which means the exper iment will be more reliable.

September 11th (911) essays

September 11th (911) essays September 11, 2001, started off like any other day. I drove to school in my usual morning stupor, and went to my first hour, Bible as Literature with Dr. Lynn Moyers. We were working on a project in the library that day. September 11, brought nothing out of the ordinary, until I reached my second hour, Comparative Religion with Mr. Fritz, there a student by the name of Linda told the class that a plane had crashed into one of the World Trade Centers Towers. At that time my class and I did not think much of the situation. Mr. Fritz, a social studies teacher, on the other hand did. Mr. Fritz explained the forty year history of the World Trade Center. I dont remember all that he said, but I do remember how alarmed I was when he reminded me of the 1993 bombing. Quickly Mr. Fritz asked a student to get a television. At the time we turned the television on it revealed smoke ascending from the north tower. CNN displayed other camera angles, we began to see exactly how much damage occurred in this accident. I say accident because at the time that is all the public suspected. What I remember seeing is smoke from the crash of an American Airlines plane almost completely dissolved into the tower. At this point I sat in Mr. Fritzs class thinking what a dumb accident, not fathoming the situation would get worse. The class and I continued to watch intensely, when out of the corner of the screen a Delta Airliner came into view. This jet wrapped itself up and around right into the center of the south tower. After that our view of the situation took a complete three-sixty. The obvious was that something was definitely out of control. I sat in my seat with a horrible sense of discomfort, I could not believe what my eyes saw. I stayed glued to the television, as did the rest of my class. The next topic CNN discussed ...

The 5 Most Searched for Jobs in 2015

The 5 Most Searched for Jobs in 2015 Just as one man’s trash is another man’s treasure, so is one man’s undesirable job a keeper for another. But some jobs have more to offer than others. Google recently announced its list of most frequently searched for jobs in 2015. Let’s take a closer look at what contemporary job hunters are looking for and why. 5. NCAAThis one may seem like a bit of a surprise, but it makes sense when you break it down. After all, people love their sports. The NCAA - short for National Collegiate Athletic Association - is dedicated to supporting hundreds of thousands of student-athletes and safeguarding not only their well-being on the playing fields, but also throughout their lives.A quick glance at the NCAA website reveals a diversity of job openings - from accounting to scouting - both at the national office in Indiana and with college athletics programs all over the country.Despite the diversity in type of job, however, openings are few and far between, so intere sted qualified applicants should move quickly when appropriate jobs become available.4. DisneyIt may be a â€Å"small world, after all,† but The Walt Disney Company’s legacy is massive, its brand and products are unbeatable, and the company’s commitment to innovation, great location, and terrific benefits add up to an appealing corporate culture for many job seekers. In fact, some employees report that working for Disney is not so much a job as it is being part of a family. For this reason, the competition for jobs at Disney is stiff - both externally and internally.  Getting a Disney job is not impossible, though. After all, the company employs approximately 166,000 people in more than 40 countries working in a variety of positions ranging from arts to engineers.3. EngineeringThere are many reasons people seek engineering jobs, ranging from financial security to the challenging nature of the work. Engineering is a broad field with a massive spectrum of caree r opportunities, all of which offer the opportunity to help change and improve the world. Engineers also value the ability to work in a constantly changing field, and to be part of that momentum.And then there’s the matter of compensation. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean annual wage for an engineer is a whopping $96,350.2. WarehouseWith the rise of companies like Amazon and Costco, warehouse jobs are more plentiful than ever. While the work can be physical, many employees appreciate the sense of camaraderie and the busy nature of the job, as well as corporate efforts to promote safety, such as group stretches before the day’s laboring begins. Warehouse jobs are largely diverse, and include everything from industrial truck and tractor operators to store clerks and order fillers.Because entry level warehouse jobs don’t typically require a college degree, the door is open to more job seekers. Additionally, most employees report that there is p lenty of room for job advancement.1. GovernmentJob openings with the federal government are available within all 50 states as well as overseas. But why are these positions so coveted? Stability is one of the premier advantages of jobs in the government sector; in fact, government positions are largely considered to be among the country’s most secure jobs. Government jobs also come with many perks, holidays, and a low-stress environment which might not be found in the private sector.While government pay is tightly regulated, it reported to be comparable with what you might find in the business world. In other words, while a government job may not make you rich, it may well make you very comfortable.  And there’s good news for all of your government job hunters: according to the Office of Personnel Management, of the country’s 2.3 million federal civilian employees, a full quarter are eligible for retirement. Who will fill these spaces, given the lack of interna l candidates? External applicants just like you.One last thing to keep in mind. While more job hunters are looking for jobs in these areas, there’s no correlations between demand and openings. In fact, the three industries predicted to see the most growth in the coming years - retail, business services, and healthcare - didn’t make the cut among Google job searchers. So how do you gain an inside edge on the competition? Develop your skill set, understand what today’s employers are looking for, and be proactive in your job search.

Inspector Goole Essay Example

Inspector Goole Essay Example Inspector Goole Essay Inspector Goole Essay The most obscure role of Inspector Goole, and probably the most crucial in terms of creating suspense within the play, is his dramatic function as Narrator. In this role, the Inspector is used to report all events that take place in the plot, as he indirectly reveals the truth behind Eva Smiths death. -Ultimately he keeps the audience on track with the plays events, and thus is used by Priestley to relay the narration in full, whilst at the same time, creating immense tension among the audience the whole way through the play. The Inspectors specific style of narration, is one that is used to arouse tension within the plot and in-turn, keep the audience attentive the whole way through. In this form of narration, the Inspector holds back vital information, as he slowly interrogates the characters one by one each time, accusing them, until eventually he reveals each segment of the story to the audience:  Its the way I like to work. One person and one line of inquiry at a time.  (Inspector Goole, Act one) The Inspector shows that his method of working is chronological; the style of narration thus creates suspense, as the audience wants the information all in one go and cant bare to wait any longer. The increasing and decreasing pace makes the narration more exciting, as his continuous interrogation makes the audience tense with apprehension. The audience doesnt know who is involved and what specific parts they play, and this lack of information creates immense suspense, as they wait for the Inspector to reveal the truth, one by one. At the beginning of the play, the Inspector controls the interrogations with all power, as his narration is calm and smooth. However, this eventually transforms during the course of the plot and near the end, his mood becomes irritable and impatient. This sudden change in mental state is triggered off by the immature and selfish attitudes of Mr and Mrs Birling, who refuse to co-operate and instead, just quarrel and lie. The Inspector knows they are being untruthful and becomes enraged:  Youre not telling me the truth (Inspector Goole, end of Act two). He at this point is so angry with them due to their un-repentance, that he loses his cool. Their un-truthfulness disrupts his prompt narration process, thus causing him to change his mood and force them to tell the story correctly. The audience knows at this point that the Inspector is already fully aware of everything that went on with Eva Smith, and that his only reason for coming to the Birling household, is so that the other characters too become informed. This fact creates a massive suspicion among the audience as they wonder why he is acting so unprofessionally and with all emotion over just a simple inquiry. His continuous narration at first seems as just part of the normal interrogation, but as the plot unfolds, the Inspectors desire for justice starts to take over, as it is made apparent that the Inspector has more of an attachment to the case than he first let out. Despite this obvious emotion though, the Inspector keeps his cunning standpoint and thus is placed as a hero icon among the audience, as they gain an immense respect for his empathy and ingenious narration throughout the play. Paragraph 6- The Inspectors function as a social/ political commentator   1st Re-draft  Within the play, the biggest and most influential role of the Inspector is his profound function as a social and political commentator. In this position, Priestley has expressed his own comments about the society we live in, and through the Inspectors contrast, the beliefs of social equality to the audience. The Inspector is thus continually used to pose as a representative for many different ideologies, and is fundamentally used to represent the once-thought fairness in socialism of the 20th Century. Within this political role, Priestley has used Inspector Goole to question that of the Capitalist society, as he enforces all power over the money-bound arrogance of the Birling family. Continually he questions their Capitalist motives, whilst at the same time, showing that he believes their only substance is that of arrogance, greed and prejudice. With this being the case, in Act one, Priestley shows his contempt for this political standing, as in response to Gerald saying that the Birlings are respectable citizens and not criminals, the Inspector says:  Sometimes there isnt as much difference as you think. Often, if it was left to me, I wouldnt know where to draw the line (Inspector Goole, Act one) Through this comment, Priestley shows that he has an immense doubt over the Capitalist point of view. He shows that he thinks all the results of its ugly nature are nothing but criminal, and that issues resulting from it, such as sexual inferiority, the obvious difference in class, and lack of self-worth, are all wrong, and that the people who abide in its system, are convicts, all but in name. In my opinion, he shows that the corrupt deeds that take place behind closed doors are nothing but depraved, and that the Capitalist society is an immoral tool, used to make the rich richer and the poor poorer. Ultimately, he shows that Capitalism and everyone who stand in agreement with it are wrong and that they themselves are illicit, just by being in allegiance with such a corrupt system. The Inspector, being a puppet for Priestleys intentions, is biased throughout the play towards the political view of Socialism. -This belief; originally brought about to bring equal opportunities to everyone, is a political opinion, worlds away from the unfairness of the Capitalist society today. It consists of sharing and looking after one another, in the unison of agreement under a free and equal right to life. The Inspector, who has been used to firmly deliverer this belief, shows his attachment, even in his conversations with the Birlings:  You see we have to share something. If theres nothing else, we have to share our guilt.

Discrimination in Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discrimination in Marketing - Assignment Example Therefore, Reynolds’ implementation of a cigarette marketing campaign for the African-American population is adversely a discriminatory approach in marketing since the other races in the country may have intended to use menthol cigarettes over the non-menthol ones. The following is an analytical approach to establish the controversy of discrimination in marketing cigarettes in the uptown market segment. Critically, it is indicated that the African-American cigarette smoking population contains a relevantly higher ratio of menthol cigarette smokers compared to the other races in the country. Emphasizing on Reynolds’ information concerning the demographic variability of menthol cigarette smokers in the uptown market edge, the norm is that there exists discrimination in the established marketing approach despite the fact that the cigarettes sell for 70% of the black population. Researches assert that the white population together with other American races, influences 30% of the total market sales outcomes. This is a clear indication of the existence of marketing discrimination in the uptown market segment (p. 1). Arguably, Reynolds set an ideal platform to reveal the existence of discrimination in the uptown market segment. Based on the fact that most of the advertising, pricing, and promotion approaches of menthol cigarettes is redirected to the African-American population, it is evident that marketers in the segment often engage in discrimination. The intentions of precise marketing approaches are born to yielding profitable market segments over competitors. Further, it is knowledgeable to marketers that users of a certain commodity perceive belongingness after being associated with the marketing and promotion practices. Therefore, Reynolds concern in marketing cigarettes for the uptown market cigarette smokers and precisely the black population is a critical approach

About Irving Norman, Blind Momentum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

About Irving Norman, Blind Momentum - Essay Example The presentation of the steel machinery is marked by hangings depicting glaring lights, toys and smiley faces. The palate used is black with strong overtones of urban red, with shades of green and purple, accentuating a landscape littered with corpses and body parts, as neon lights glare from the hangings. Perhaps the painter in this particular painting intends to bring out the cynicism, gloom and despondency inherent in the modern urban life. This in a way carries forward Irving’s favorite theme of criticizing the contemporary times and life, urging for a spirit of change. The painter in a way intends to warn the modern viewers of the consequences of the industrial panache for material progress, at the cost of human aspirations and yearnings. The screaming and smoking faces depict the sterility inherent in the modern consumerism that gained grounds in the 60s, when this painting was made, bringing to fore the demise of innocence and a sense of human kinship. The entire landscape in the painting is viciously prearranged in a mechanical way, blatantly crushing the essential humanness residing in the recesses of the modern urban

Emerging hybrid technology in the automotive market Research Paper

Emerging hybrid technology in the automotive market - Research Paper Example Secondary energy most often originates from primary source or sometimes comes from an external system (Badin F., Briat O., Olivier S., Jeanneret B., Trugue R., Malaquin B., October 2004). Hybrid vehicles are not a modern invention. Hybrid technology has been in use since the 20th century. The first diesel motor ship, which is also called the first diesel electric ship, was launched in 1903, and Russian Tanker Vandal had been using hybrid technology since then. Another modern example of hybrid ship propulsion is electric motors mounted in pods, called azimuth thrusters, which allow for 360o rotation of thrust. There are also diesel-electric trains developed in 1920’s, used for moving trains around railway yards. These hybrid vehicles get significant importance due to simplification of power transmission as well as usage of multiple motors and electricity that reduce maintenance cost. Convention Cars: A traditional or conventional car, unlike a hybrid car, lacks an electrical motor to assist engine to make power during crisis time. Convention cars have just one source of energy and there is no second source. Because there is no assistance of an electrical motor in convention cars, hybrid cars are more fuel efficient and produce fewer emissions. Hybrid Cars: Hybrid car is the most common application of hybrid technology. The first introduced hybrid motor vehicle was a bicycle equipped with helper motors. These were known as mopeds. VeloSoleX is an example of mopeds. An example of the most modern application is the human electric hybrid vehicles which consist of a drive train i.e. a human being, generator or an electric motor, and an energy accumulator or battery. It has the same characteristics of a hybrid bicycle with enhanced acceleration and innovation of regenerative braking. An example of hybrid vehicle is â€Å"TWIKE† which was designed to carry cargo and two passengers. It can be driven either in electric mode or electric and

Comparison of Martin Scorsese's On-screen adaptation and Edith Essay

Comparison of Martin Scorsese's On-screen adaptation and Edith Wharton's Age of Innocence - Essay Example The partners are thrown into a depth of intimacy no one can imagine who has not experienced it. Thesis The film treats the theme of innocence as a minor one while the novel treats innocence as core of moral values and social traditions. Both film and novel concentrates on the theme of marriage and its relation to innocence and moral values. Marriage is dangerous precisely because it can release and feed as many urges as it satisfies — one reason, perhaps, that divorce is rarely the simple matter it promises to be. theme are governed by the strong sense - common to many writers at the time - that one must be sacrificed to the other, that art can only be bought at the price of life. Like the novel, the film directors saw art as at once the extinction and the glory of existence. Wharton depicts Newland’s marriage as: Of course such a marriage was only what Newland was entitled to; but young men are so foolish and incalculable--and some women so ensnaring and unscrupulous--that it was nothing short of a miracle to see ones only son safe past the Siren Isle and in the haven of a blameless domesticity (Wharton 22). Martin Scorsese creates vivid and bright image of the main characters and follows Wharton’s feelings and passion related to innocence. In both works, the central figure in The Age of Innocence is Newland Archer. Like Lily Bart, Archer is by no means altogether likeable or admirable - and it is one of Whartons greatest strengths that she makes us respond to such characters by presenting them with a sort of luminous completeness. Wharton describes his family: "Ah, how your grandfather Archer loved a good dinner, my dear Newland!" he said, his eyes on the portrait of a plump full-chested young man in a stock and a blue coat, with a view of a white-columned country-house behind him (Wharton 17). Fundamentally amiable, Archer is also snobbish, vain, lazy and at times almost fatuous. If the coincidence of names with

Employees' Access to the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employees' Access to the Internet - Essay Example It is clear from the discussion, an organization must allow its employees to use the Internet freely but it must implement strict measures to deal with security issues. According to Australia’s one of the major communications companies, Telstra, there has been a three-fold increase in Australian employers limiting the access of their workers to social network sites in the space of 10 months. In fact, throughout the same duration the total number of URLs usually permissible while working has reduced by approximately 60%. (Davidsson) gives an interesting response to the facts by saying that â€Å"organizations should not block their employee’s Internet usage, not even social networking sites.† No doubt, limiting the employee’s access to the Internet can bring in full of nasty worms and a wide variety of security threats. In view of the fact that the needs of a professional workforce can cause anger and augment valuable turnovers however, limiting the employe es’ access to the Internet access can also decrease efficiency by making difficult or interrupting execution as well as completion of organizational activities. In fact, companies restricting employees’ access to the Internet specifically social networking sites will also cause a risk of preceding online networking chances, identifying critical agreements, leads and take delivery of appropriate industry news (Davidsson). In addition, (Davidsson) discusses the viewpoints of various researchers such as the research carried out by Dr Brent Coker while working at the University of Melbourne showed that employees who make use of the Internet just for enjoyment and entertainment at work within a realistic limit of approximately 20% of their total time they spent in the office are more fruitful and active by approximately 9% as compared to those who don’t have these facilities. Additionally, Coker also says that employees need to zone out for a bit to retrieve their at tention. In this scenario, small and self-effacing breaks for instance a rapid surf of the Internet, allows the brain to rest itself, and as a result leading to a higher total net attentiveness for a days’ work, and consequently, greater than before output.† Certainly, companies must take care of their resources and confirm that their employees make use of the Internet for work as intended. In fact, an organization does not just permit its workers to have full Internet access, close its eyes and hope for the best. According (Davidsson), â€Å"an organization must put into practice formal policies on the use of social networking sites in the place of work and the suitable and efficient software tools that help maintain those policies† (Davidsson). Many researches show that if organizations do not stop their employees from using the Internet, employees with unlimited and unnecessary Internet access will misuse their lots of precious time and open the network to vir uses, spyware and a wide variety of other security threats. On the other hand, an organization cannot just disconnect from the world. In this scenario, there is need to implement a set of rules and regulations in order to ensure effective use of the Internet. In addition, it must establish suitable use strategies, choosing and implementing security technology, and finding the way to deal with ethical and legal concerns.  

Comparison of Martin Scorsese's On-screen adaptation and Edith Essay

Comparison of Martin Scorsese's On-screen adaptation and Edith Wharton's Age of Innocence - Essay Example The partners are thrown into a depth of intimacy no one can imagine who has not experienced it. Thesis The film treats the theme of innocence as a minor one while the novel treats innocence as core of moral values and social traditions. Both film and novel concentrates on the theme of marriage and its relation to innocence and moral values. Marriage is dangerous precisely because it can release and feed as many urges as it satisfies — one reason, perhaps, that divorce is rarely the simple matter it promises to be. theme are governed by the strong sense - common to many writers at the time - that one must be sacrificed to the other, that art can only be bought at the price of life. Like the novel, the film directors saw art as at once the extinction and the glory of existence. Wharton depicts Newland’s marriage as: Of course such a marriage was only what Newland was entitled to; but young men are so foolish and incalculable--and some women so ensnaring and unscrupulous--that it was nothing short of a miracle to see ones only son safe past the Siren Isle and in the haven of a blameless domesticity (Wharton 22). Martin Scorsese creates vivid and bright image of the main characters and follows Wharton’s feelings and passion related to innocence. In both works, the central figure in The Age of Innocence is Newland Archer. Like Lily Bart, Archer is by no means altogether likeable or admirable - and it is one of Whartons greatest strengths that she makes us respond to such characters by presenting them with a sort of luminous completeness. Wharton describes his family: "Ah, how your grandfather Archer loved a good dinner, my dear Newland!" he said, his eyes on the portrait of a plump full-chested young man in a stock and a blue coat, with a view of a white-columned country-house behind him (Wharton 17). Fundamentally amiable, Archer is also snobbish, vain, lazy and at times almost fatuous. If the coincidence of names with

Examine the difference between the social and the medical Essay

Examine the difference between the social and the medical understanding of special educational needs. Provide examples of where - Essay Example If the policies of education for people with SEN in the beginning of the twentieth century began with segregation, or separating children with SEN from mainstream students by placing the former in special education facilities, the Warnock Report in the 1970s started the evolution of special education toward integration, and later on, to inclusion (Tassoni, 2003, p.14). Integration is differentiated from inclusion, because integration can refer to the mainstream system remaining the same, but with addition of facilities for SEN. Inclusion, on the contrary, is defined by Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) (2001, p.2) as the: ...process by which schools, local education authorities and others develop cultures, policies and practices to include pupils. With the right training, strategies and support nearly all children with special educational needs can be successfully included in mainstream education. (qtd. in Lloyd, 2008, p.222). Inclusion, however, has its conceptual and p ractical dilemmas. Terzi (2005) observes the â€Å"dilemma of difference†, which pertains to the conflict between treating children with SEN as the same as mainstream students and providing individualised education instruction to attend to their individual special education needs. This paper differentiates the social and the medical understanding of special educational needs. It gives examples of where each is demonstrated in policy and practice and personal experiences. It begins with a brief history of SEN and then a discussion of social and the medical understanding of special educational needs. The final sections are personal experiences and the conclusion. HISTORY OF SEN SEN evolved greatly for the past two centuries. It started from the medical model, followed by the social model of understanding special education needs. This section focuses on the Warnock Report and developments in policymaking and educational practices after 1981. Warnock Report In 1973, Margaret That cher, then Secretary of State for Education, commissioned the Warnock Enquiry. The Enquiry began the seminal review of the state of British special education, which was under pressure from worldwide calls of â€Å"integration† (Rayner, 2007, p.20). The Warnock Report was published in 1978 and formed the concept of special education needs (SEN). SEN refers to the whole extent of children experiencing learning difficulties and the Report indicated that 20 per cent of the school population would need â€Å"special help† during their school careers (Rayner, 2007, p.20). The Report stresses that a child with disability should be viewed as an individual with complete human rights and definite special education needs, instead of a patient with a medical illness or disorder (Rayner, 2007, p.20). It also stressed that professionals should work with parents, because the latter are partners in helping the child cope in school. This marked the departure from the medical model of s pecial needs toward the social model. The Report also made numerous recommendations. It referred to the importance of a â€Å"whole school policy† in making provisions for SEN and the need to adopt integration

Bp’s Ethical Culture Essay Example for Free

Bp’s Ethical Culture Essay We will go through the BP business context and culture, safety aspect, organization capability, responsiveness and risk assessment aspects of their ethical culture, result from the management and caused the disaster. BP Business Context and ethical culture: From the BP management employer aspects, they are not follow some mechanical level, safety procedure over and ignored which required by Act (e.g. Clean Air Act) over 8 year for their production. At the end the huge explosion occurred in March 2005. Because of the hydrocarbon liquid leakage and vapor, the ignition explosion result of the accident. They failed to give the safeguards protection tools to protect employees, this accident killing employees and injured people in Texas oil refinery. And the other issue of the Alaskan oil pipelines leaked; their culture also reflect the safety negligence in their operation and management. Not check the pipelines by routine maintenance. BP management did not doing any corrective action on the contract worker discovered the first pipeline leak in March of 2006, (e.g. whole stop the pipelines operation for checking details), still waiting the leakage happen on August 2006. And in October 2007 another spill in Prudhoe Bay, once again showing that BP was ignored the maintenance equipment and the safety level of the production. In 2010, violations again at BP facilities (at Ohio factory), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) found that workers might be exposed to injury or death should explosive or flammable chemicals be released at an Ohio factory. The BP working environment have the characteristic that is resistance to change, lack of trust and motivation; unclear expectations about supervisory and management behaviors, led to rules not being followed consistently and no initiating improvements. Management did not set or consistently reinforce process safety, operations performance and systematic to reduce the risk. e.g. neglected the safety protection tools. (Reference 01) Organizational Capability: poor management and communication in the complex organization, high turnover of refinery plant managers which will affect their consistency of responsibilities. Inability to see the risk, poor level of hazard awareness and process safety knowledge, e.g. the temporary worker doing wrong on the hydrocarbons to atmosphere with unclear control in the high risk and safety industry practice. Lack of early warning system in the refinery plant; e.g. poor communication, poor performance-management process and deteriorating the work standards. Means that BP allows the defective process in their production refinery and pipelines channel. Even though the project was carried out before the extensive research to identify any potential environment risks of the pipelines stretched to their network From the BP investor aspects, even a huge amount of fines, criminal penalties were paid again. They just only concern the profit rather then the employees, environment, base on their short term focus with high level oversight on prevention or improvement and safety management. Even the production was shut down a month for repairing; they just focus on resume the production which means profit as a priority. From the interest group, e.g. National Fish and Wildlife, the state law and act. BP was neglected their monitoring role, just paid the fund or fines to be a remedy, but still running at their loosen management culture. From the BP employees aspects, insider trading and fraud document (mail fraud and wire fraud), and reward from the manipulate the propane market at a high prices Integrity of the BP management, also lack of monitor and alert of the internal control. As the National oil company, the management let company making loss on violate Act, not setting a well control system for employees for prevention. These parts clearly showing the history of disregarding the well-being of stakeholders not follow the law and high level operation and maintenance level of BP. Different refinery plane have their own safety management system, and they did not share their best practice with others. So doing the same work but running at different safety system level. And as the employees of BP, from the result of the explosion, oil leakage and fraud issue all of them are affecting their society and economic damage. They know and maintain these BP culture but they do not concern until the accident or issue occurred. From these aspects of the BP ethical culture, and still no solid continues improvement, then it was caused the Gulf Coast oil spill disaster. At the beginning, BP tried to shift their responsiveness to the contractor Transocean, Ltd., loosen and negligence management style (know but not concern style), lying on the accident real situation to public. And delay the recovery work which subject to their management decision and style.

Richard Iii And His Bad Reputation English Literature Essay

Richard Iii And His Bad Reputation English Literature Essay Richard III has the bad reputation of being a sinister hunchbacked villain, who was set out for his own gain, killing anybody who got in the way of his power driven craze. This is the main view of early Tudor propagandists and later by playwrights such as William Shakespeare. Although this view had been accepted for many years there has been much debate as to whether Richard deserves this evil reputation. The Richard III Society is dedicated to redeeming Richard III and is keen to point out his high reputation in the North of massive loyalty. The traditional view is that although Richard wasnt as malicious as Tudor propagandists tried to make out, he was most likely responsible for the removal of his two nephews from the royal line. The context in which surrounded Richard gives insight as to the reputation Richard deserves, by comparing his actions to previous successors. The power struggle between the Lancastrians and Yorks started in 1399 after Henry II was killed by Henry Bolingbroke  [1]  and left no heirs to the throne. Although Henry V was a capable king and was successful in holding most of France, it was when Henry VI became king when the problems between the families occurred. In 1453 Henry suffered from schizophrenia so Richard of York was declared Protector of the Realm, using his position to arrest Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset.  [2]  1455 saw the 1st Battle of Albans, arguably the start of the Wars of the Roses, leading Richard of York to assert his claims to the throne. The Duke and his eldest son Edmond were both killed leaving Edward, Yorks second eldest son, to secure a victory at Mortimers cross and assume the throne as Edward IV. Although at this time Richard wasnt old enough to ha ve a reputation of his own, this is a vital step in his life which determined his future actions. At the age of 9, after Edward became King of England, Richard was given the title Duke of Gloucester. Although this label didnt give any power to the adolescent Duke, it contributes to Richards reputation of being the loyal brother of the King. Evidence of this trustworthy status is that while growing up George, Duke of Clarence, became increasingly annoyed at Edward IV as the King gave the more powerful land to their youngest brother. Clarence demanded the most influential land to be taken away from Richard and to be given to him.  [3]  Clarences demanding behaviour, compared to that of Richards quiet acceptance of the Kings decisions, shows the beginnings of Richards growing allegiance towards his older brother. The land was juggled from being under his control to being given to those the King believed would be beneficial to have on side. As a result of his jealousy Clarence gained Richmond. Pembroke was put under the control of William, Lord Herbert, and by 1464 Richard had lo st all the De Vere estates after they had been restored to John, the 13th Earl of Oxford. Thus showing how Richard was to be seen as exceptionally loyal and trustworthy towards his brother, a complete contrast where Clarence was to prove scheming, ambitious and disloyal  [4]  . Edward IV was forced into exile in 1470 after he quarrelled with his principle supporter, Richard Neville the Earl of Warwick; also know as the powerful Kingmaker. One of the few faithful supporters who joined Edward was Richard. Clarence however joined forces with Warwick against his brothers, most likely wanting to become the King himself. After Warwick restored Henry VI to the throne Clarence rejoined his brothers, contrasting the two characteristics of Richard and Clarence, showing that at this time Richard did deserve his reputation of being a loyal brother. This is proved further as in both battles the teenage Richard of Gloucester commanded the vanguard and fought bravely. Edward rewarded Richards loyalty by making him effectively viceroy of the north.  [5]  Giving Richard the reputation of being a brave trustworthy warrior, who was willing to stand by his fellow brother and king. Richard was entrusted with right wing of the royal host at the Battle of Barnet, and within t hree weeks he again led the vanguard at the Battle of Tewkesbury. In both engagements, Richard acquitted himself well.  [6]  Showing Richard was a skilful warrior and that at this time Richard deserved the reputation of being a loyal trustworthy brother. There is much speculation over how Richard felt after Edward IV found out about the full extent of Clarences involvement in the 1470s rising. There is debate as to whether Richard felt his growing loyalty towards both his brothers and how he felt over Georges end. Mancini reports he was so overcome with grief that he could not hide it. Whereas More, while admitting that in public Richard opposed Clarences killing, is not so sure about the genuine emotion Richard experienced.  [7]  The traditional view of Clarences death is that he was executed by drowning in a barrel of malmsey; this could be true as it is first mentioned by Dominic Mancini in 1483.  [8]  After Richards death the Tudor propagandists used Clarences death as a method to gain support for Henry Tudor. None of the sources before More doubt that Edward IV was solely responsible for the death of Clarence, even if they were in some doubt as to why he was executed. More hints that Richard of Gloucester may have encour aged Edward to execute his brother, but [More] goes no further.  [9]  This helped to destroy Richards reputation of loyalty and turn it into one of an evil, spiteful king who opposed anyone who was in the way, including his own family. As More only hinted to the possible involvement Richard had in his brothers death and sources before this dont state any involvement, Richard doesnt deserve the reputation to the degree the Tudors gave him of being an evil tyrant. There is clear evidence that Richard III had not killed his brother personally, in fact it isnt possible to know if he agreed with the death sentence. Richard III was the only Northern king of medieval England; it was rare for the north to be on the same side as the crown. However, it is mainly due to the north that he had enough support to become king in the first place. Richard initialised a power-base that his northern retainers represented.  [10]  This reputation of being Lord of the North began when he came of age, the maturity where he was more useful to his elder brother, King Edward IV. To achieve this high reputation after coming back from exile in 1471, at aged 19, Richard filled the gap which had been created in the north due to Earl Warwicks defeat. Leaving Richard to be appointed his successor, thus giving Richard Duke of Gloucester the responsibility of the defence of Carlisle and the Cumbrian borders. In order to do this effectively the king also gave him the earls northern lands. Effectively starting Richards assent to having a powerful reputation in the north, the build-up of Richards command was rapid, he quic kly became keeper of the northern forests, chief steward of the duchy of Lancaster in northern England, constable of Bewcastle, justice of the peace in all northern counties, in 1482 lieutenant of the north and commander-in-chief against the Scots and in 1483 hereditary warden of the West March. Showing Richard was a capable leader and that he worked hard to gain the confidence of those around him. Enabling him to be entrusted with the power of the titles he acquired and the authority he was given. Its clear that at this time Richard deserved the reputation of a brave warrior, even his enemies had to agree that he was a skilful and courageous fighter. This is shown where More readily admits that Richard was brave and that he never lost a battle through lack of courage.  [11]   In 1472 Richard married Anne Neville. Again there was rivalry between Richard of Gloucester and George of Clarence, as they both aimed to gain land the two Neville wives were to inherit. The brothers fought, leading to Richard acquiring all Warwicks vast estates north of Trent. This is a contrast to Richards earlier loyalty towards Edward IV. During his time in the north and securing England from the threat of the Scottish in 1481-1483, Richard created around himself a closely knit devoted circle of northern knights and gentlemen, this was known as his Northern affinity. Dominic Mancini wrote in 1483: He kept himself within his own lands and set out to acquire the loyalty of his people through favours and justice. The good reputation of his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers. Such was his renown in warfare that whenever a difficult and dangerous policy had to be undertaken, it would be entrusted to his discretion and his generalship.  [1 2]  Although this defends Richards general loyalty towards those surrounding him, Richard was willing to fight with his brother to achieve his goals, showing that Richard wasnt as loyal to his family members as he was to the king. Just before Edward IVs death in 1483, he named Richard of Gloucester Lord Protector and entrusted his sons, Edward and Richard, to his care. This shows that the King himself didnt believe Richard to be a real threat towards the young princes. However Richard was one of the most powerful men in England, with the king dead and the princes minors, this provided Richard with the opportunity to become king himself. The mystery of the princes in the tower is one of the main causes of debate over Richards real reputation. Richard of Gloucester and the Queen were openly hostile towards each other about the regency needed due to the young age of Edward V. On 29th April, Richard intercepted the royal party before they arrived at London, taking Edward and putting him under his own custody. Although this could have been seen as Richard III looking after his young nephew as his brother had asked, this was later used by Tudor propagandists to damage Richards reputation of being the loyal brother and uncle. He arrested the Lords Rivers and Grey, who were both later executed. Richard pressured the queen into letting the young Richard Duke of York visit and stay with his older brother before his crowning. They were both held in the tower of London, a protected place in royal hands, but which later acquired its deathly reputation. Within six weeks Richard had the princes declared illegitimate and had himself named king. Effectively Richard started the downfall of his reputation, after having a priest preach a se rmon at Pauls cross, claiming Edward IV had had an arranged marriage to another woman before marrying Elizabeth Woodville, making all their children illegitimate. Tales at the time had been circulated that Edwards father was an English archer named Blaybourne. Medieval historian professor Michael Jones has determined through court records that Edwards legal father, Richard, Duke of York, was over 100 miles away from his mother, Lady Cecily, at the time when Edward must have been conceived.  [13]  If this was in fact true then both Edward and his sons had no legal claim to the throne, this would then have passed to the next best suitor who at this time would have been Richard of Gloucester. After the two young princes disappeared, rumours began to circulate that they had both been murdered. Mores belief was that To assure his own security, Richard saw to it that the little princes in the Tower were smothered to death in their sleep  [14]  This is supported by Jeffrey Richards who states that although aware of growing rumours Richard III did nothing to dispel them. If the princes were alive Richard III could easily have showed everyone this by taking them out of the tower. As he did nothing to counteract these rumours this helped spread the reputation of Richard being the evil uncle. Another factor which adds to the growing speculation of Richards involvement in the princes disappearances is that other rumours which circulated, for example the death of his wife, Richard was quick to have them stopped, however as he didnt show any evidence of the young boys being alive this added to suspicion of Richards involvement. A set of bones were found at the Tower of London in 1674, they were buried in Westminster Abbey under orders of King Charles II. The tomb was opened in 1933 and an examination was conducted by Doctor Tanner and Professor Wright, finding they were likely to have been those of the two young boys.  [15]  This however doesnt tell us who killed the princes and the reasons behind their deaths. Richard III has long since been the main suspect for being the wicked uncle, however most of the reports which claim Richard to have been the culprit were Tudor writers, thus leading them to write the worst about Richard to promote Henry VII as being a more just and fair king. However Richard had much to lose by killing his nephews as it would turn the public against him for murdering innocent young children. It could be argued that it wasnt in Richards character to kill his own nephews as he had shown extreme family loyalty and was seen as an ideal knight. Others who might have killed the prince s included Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham,  [16]  who would have gained more power if his cousin, Henry Tudor was King. However in 1502 James Tyrell had been arrested for treason against Henry Tudor and whilst under torture he confessed to the murders of the young princes, although this isnt fact as he didnt speculate as to how or why he killed them, therefore it isnt reliable and cannot be taken as the truth. Richard most likely had a hand in the disappearances of the two princes; even if he didnt kill them personally he would have stood to gain a lot if the two boys were dead. Discontent of not knowing the princes fate sparked a rebellion, Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, launched a revolt against the King. The commons grew angry as they believed Richard murdered the princes, however they were easily taken care of and the Duke was beheaded. He initially intended to be joined by Henry Tudor, the Earl of Richmond, however he had been exiled to France and wasnt able to join the rebellion. Henry Tudor was later joined by Elizabeth Woodville, although she never said that her two sons had been killed, her actions showed that she believed them to be dead, otherwise she wouldnt have joined a potential rival to the crown. Instead of this though the two houses were united through marriage and they started a propaganda campaign to destroy Richards reputation. In 1484 Richards own son, Edward, was confirmed the heir to the throne, however Edward died not long after. Anne Neville, Richards Queen, also died around this time, the Richard III foundation states Richard wept openly at her funeral and shut himself off for three days. portraying Richard as a more vulnerable character than the harsh, murderous villain of Shakespeares play. This only lowered his reputation further as Richard was accused of killing her himself so he could marry his own niece, Elizabeth. However we know this to be a lie as evidence suggests that Anne died of natural causes. By the 17th century hostility towards Richard had died down, mainly because the Tudors reign had finished and was replaced by the Stewarts, who didnt give the same interest of trying to portray Richard as an evil leader. William Cornwallis defended Richards reputation in 1617 in the Essayes of Certain Paradoxes by publishing an anonymous defence thought to have been written in the early sixteenth century as a response to Mores history.  [17]   Sir Thomas Mores picture of Richard was that he was a man little of stature, ill featured of limbs, crook backed, his left shoulder much higher than his right, hard favored of visage . . . he was malicious, wrathful, envious and, from before his birth, ever forward.  [18]  This shows how Richards reputation had been manipulated by the Tudors influential propaganda, helping Henry Tudor be more accepted as the king, appearing less tyrannical than Richard III. More had grown up as a sworn enemy of Richard III being 7 in 1485, his view of Richard are that which he had been taught. Even if Richard wasnt as villainous as he has been made out, he would always have been portrayed in the worst possible way. This had happened to many previous kings as it helped gain support for the new monarch, especially if they had fought their way onto the crown. Hall had also described Richard as small and little of stature, so was he of body greatly deformed, the one shoulder higher than the other, hi s face small, but his countenance was cruel, and such that a man at the first aspect would judge it to savour and smell of malice, fraud and deceit . . .  [19]  this again is just a repeat of Mores words. Shakespeare himself had given Richard III the character of being sick and twisted, giving him a more complex and manipulative personality who was able to feel some form of human remorse for the murders he had committed throughout the play. However the earlier portraits, such as that belonging to the Society of Antiquaries, which although not painted in his lifetime are based on originals that could have been done from life, show no sign of deformity  [20]  , showing more propaganda at the start of the Tudor reign to gain acceptance. Richard, while King, showed himself to be generous and loyal, helping set up a council in the north which stayed in place years still after his death until 1641. He ruled with detailed concern and efficiency.  [21]   Richard III doesnt deserve the reputation of being a tyrannous, power hungry man to the extent portrayed by Tudor writers. Up until 1583 Richard proved himself to be a loyal, trustworthy supporter of the king, as shown through his actions, defending the northern border and helping Edward IV reclaim the throne in 1571. However after the death of his brother, Richards reputation does deserve to be tarnished, just not to the extent of More and Halls views. Many of the murders Richard was accused of committing have evidence to prove he wasnt the cause, including the death of the Prince of Wales and the death of his wife. However after the death of Edward, Richard seized the opportunity to take power, spreading claims of Edwards illegitimacy and most likely responsible for the disappearance of the two princes. Source evaluation I started by reading Charles Rosss Richard III. Initially I believed this was a heavy book to read, with much content and so at first I found it extremely hard to pick out the relevant pieces of information. As I got further into the book, however, I found that I became more interested in Richard III and his actions. This is an important and fairly reliable source, it helped to distinguish much debate and shows how it has been exaggerated over the years. However at the end of this tome I found that Charles Ross had been too sympathetic towards Richards actions, defending his loyal reputation by using excuses of Richards past and horror filled childhood. I found the article The princes in the tower by David Ross to be an extremely valuable source when analysing the mystery created when the two young princes disappeared. It was straightforward and easy to understand. I found it useful when looking at who would have the motive to kill the adolescent boys, ranging from Richard III himself to his enemy Henry Tudor. It helped to analyse how the people felt about the sudden disappearances and how this led to the revolt against Richard. Along with the evidence from Charles Ross book this article gave evidence of bones which had been found in the tower which added to the mystery and to Richard IIIs reputation of being the evil uncle for his own gain. Another article which I found to be useful is Richard, Duke of Gloucester and the North by Michael Hicks. This was a valuable source as it is full of information as to how Richard of Gloucester managed to gain his reputation of being Lord in the North. It also effectively showed how Richards loyalty to his brother King Edward IV helped him to gain this reputation of being a brave warrior in the north who protected England from invasion from Scotland. This helped me to be able to compare Richards earlier reputation to that which he gained nearing the end of his life and after his death. This respectively leads to the article The Riddle of Richard III by Jeffery Richards. This article helped me to compare the reputations I had discovered Richard had gained throughout his lifetime. The article also gave viable source accounts by unrelated people, for example the Italian visitor Dominic Mancini. As he was only a visitor and wasnt on the side of Richard III or his enemy Henry Tudor. Mancinis writings are some of the most valuable to look at for the real reputation of Richard III, during the period of his rise to power. This article also tackles the one sided views of the Tudor writers who tried to denounce Richards reputation, in order to promote Henry Tudor. In the end, I have found that the views of the more recent historians are more accurate that those of earlier writers. As their views on Richard III are not affected by the period they living in, they are not trying to depose previous Kings like that of More and Hall.

The Character of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Ess

The Character of Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman Willy Loman, the main character in Death of a Salesman is a complex tragic character.   He is a man struggling to hold onto the little dignity he has left in a changing society.   While society may have caused some of his misfortune, Willy must be held responsible for his poor judgment, disloyalty and foolish pride. Willy Loman is a firm believer in the "American Dream:" the notion that any man can rise from humble beginnings to greatness.   His particular slant on this ideal is that a man succeeds by selling his charisma, that to be well liked is the most important asset a man can have.   He made a living at this for 30 years, but as he enters the reclining years of his life, people have stopped smiling back and he can no longer sell the firm's goods to support himself.   His ambition was one of greatness, to work hard and to be a member of the firm; and if he could not succeed in this respect, that he should at least be well-liked and be able to sell until the day of his death:   When his friends would flock from all over the country to pay their respects. Willy's main flaw is his foolish pride, this it what makes him a tragic hero.   Yet there are many facets to his personality that contribute to the state he and the family are in during the play.   His upbringing of the boys is one major issue, he raised them with the notion that if one is well-liked, he need not worry about qualifications, he believed that if his boys were popular they would come out on top.   Sadly, he doesn't realize that the only way an ordinary person can get rich is through work (represented by Bernard) or through luck and good timing (Ben), and Willy missed the boat when it came to ... ...   Willy says to Charlie:   "Funny you know?   After all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive.3"   This statement is a sad reflection on the state of mind that Willy is in due the unfortunate combination of his ideals and the change which has occurred in his society. Willy is a multi-faceted character which Miller has portrayed a deep problem with sociological and psychological causes and done so with disturbing reality.   In another time or another place Willy might have been successful and kept his Sanity, but as he grew up, society's values changed and he was left out in the cold.   His foolish pride, bad judgment and his disloyalty are also at fault for his tragic end and the fact that he did not die the death of a salesman. Notes 1 Death of a Salesman page 100 2 page 79 3 page 73

Essay example --

"The Old Man and The Sea" is an unbelievable story of a man with struggles within nature. The simplicity of the story’s structure engages readers of all ages. How the main character overcomes his struggles and tribulation is wild, inspiring, and humanistic. The tale can easily be taken into every aspect in life situations. It is truly a classic with an unforgettable plot that leaves the reader wanting more. The fiction novel, "The Old Man and the Sea" became one of the most enduring works of Ernest Hemingway. The novel was written in 1952 and published by Simon & Schuster Inc. Hemingway, is known for writing main characters of courage and conviction. Therefore, creating roles that draw a reader in. The main character is an old Cuban fisherman, named Santiago. â€Å"Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.† Santiago has had bad luck in catching anything in the last few months. One day Santiago sets out into the Gulf Stream, when he hooks a giant marlin. â€Å"Fish, I love you and respect you very much; but I will ki...

“Offenders Are Heterogeneous in Nature” Discuss.

â€Å"Offenders are Heterogeneous in nature, discuss† Offenders are a heterogeneous population of individuals, which range from shop lifters to murderers. There are clear intergroup differences based on characteristics of the offender, victim and the crime. Therefore it is very difficult to discuss the possible heterogeneity of all offenders as one group, thus this paper will focus on one particular type of offender. Sex offenders are frequently viewed as a homogeneous class of individuals, the public do not tend to distinguish the difference between indecent exposure and rape merely considering these offenders as ‘deranged or evil’ (Bartol & Bartol 2008). On the other hand research conducted by Knight, Rosenberg and Schneider (1985) shows that sex offenders differ extensively in terms of the frequency and type of sexual activity they engage in. They also differ in personal traits such as ‘age, background, personality, race, religion, beliefs, attitudes, and interpersonal skills’. Furthermore there are fundamental differences in the Modus Operandi (M. O) of sex offenders, for instance gender and age of the victim, the degree of planning before the offence and the amount of violence used or intended. Therefore preliminary research shows clear disparity regarding the heterogeneity of sex offenders, thus the homogeneity of this group will also be considered. A person is labelled a sex offender when they are convicted of a sex crime; this may include, rape, sexual assault, child sexual abuse, paedophilia, frotteurism, exhibitionism, incest, necrophilia and so on. The majority of studies used in this essay will be centred on sex offenders who have committed rape, sexual assault, child sexual abuse and paedophilia. Thus it is necessary to define some of these terms, the most common definition of rape is ‘the penetration of the anus or vagina by a penis, finger or object or the penetration of the mouth by a penis. ’ (Polaschek, Ward & Hudson, 1997). Sexual abuse is defined by the Sexual and Domestic Violence Services (SDVS) as ‘when a sexual act is intentional and is committed either by physical force, threat or intimidation and by ignoring the objections of another person. . The major difference between sex offenders is the age of their victim, rapists and offenders who commit sexual abuse prey on persons of 16 years of age or over, whereas child molester and paedophile victims are under 16 years of age. Firstly we need to consider when discussing the heterogeneity of sex offenders is the various typologies involved. Research has shown that offenders sexual aggression can be divided into two distinct groups; instrumental and expressive. Instrumental sexual aggression occurs when the sex offenders only use enough coercion so that the victim complies and expressive sexual aggression this is when the offender’s fundamental motive is to physically and psychologically harm the victim (Bartol & Bartol, 2008). On the other hand the assumption that sexual offenders always exhibit aggression is not always congruent; according to Revitch and Schlesinger (1988) many sex offenders are not prone to violence but rather are timid, shy and socially inhibited. Intra-group typologies should also be considered when looking at the differences between sex offenders. For example Groth et al. 1979) categorised Rapists into four main sub groups; power-assurance, power-assertive, anger-retaliatory and anger-excitement. This first sub group is the most common type of rapist, who rapes due to insecurities about their masculinity. The power-assertive rapist is socially skilled, displays a high level of violence and is sexually confident . The third sub group has high levels of anger towards women, commits blitz attacks and also degrading activities are often involved. Finally the anger-excitement rapist is rare and gains pleasure and sexual excitement from seeing the distress of the victim (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Groth and Birnbaum (1978) created the regressed-fixated dichotomy of child molesters. Regressed offenders are men who have matured sexually but have returned to an earlier level of psychosexual development. Fixated offenders are said to be ‘developmentally fixated on†¦ basis such that their sexual interest is in children’ (Howitt, 2002). These typologies give an insight into the major differences in basic characteristics and motives of sex offenders, which illustrate the point that they diverge in terms of their ‘nature’. The demographics of sex offenders also shed light on the similarities and differences of sex offenders. First gender will be considered, unsurprisingly the majority of sex offenders are male, and 95. 5% of sex offenders in the Federal Probation and Pre-trial Services System in the U. S are male. On the other hand, Kaplan and Green (1995) reported data which indicated that between 4 and 25 percent of victims of child sexual abuse stated their abusers were female. Therefore it indicates that the population of female sex offenders is underestimated. However it can be said with conviction that the majority of sex offenders are male, this fact contradicts that they are heterogeneous in nature. Surprisingly research shows that sex offenders are often adolescent males (Bartol & Bartol, 2008), Becker and Johnson (2001) found that 20-30 percent of all rapes and 30-50 percent of child molestations are committed by this group. However the issue of average age of a sex offender has been found to be more complex, as Hanson (2001) reported that child molesters tend to be older. This conclusion was supported as Henn, Herjanic, and Vanderpearl (1976) found that 75 percent of convicted rapists were under the age of 30 and 75 percent of child molesters were over. This indicates that the average age of the sex offender is in dispute. Knight, Rosenberg, and Schneider 1985 conducted a study which demonstrated a number of notable commonalities between aggressive paedophiles and rapists. The first is that sex offenders have problems with alcohol. Another similarity is that they have a high rate of high school failure and dropout; this is supported by a recent case study of 437 sex offenders conducted by Black and Pettway (2001). They discovered that 60 percent of child molesters and 70 percent of rapists did not graduate high school. The third commonality found was that sex offenders tend to have unstable work histories in unskilled occupations, Black and Pettway (2001) study supported this; however it was found that child molesters had a higher history of stable work. The final commonality noted was the sex offender’s tendency to come from a low socioeconomic class. However, the case study previously discussed also enlightened several differences between sex offenders; it found that the majority of rapists had never been married (65%) whereas two thirds of child molesters were married (66%). Another characteristic that showed disparity between sex offenders was race, it found that a larger proportion of child molesters were white (72%) and a greater proportion of rapists were black (60%). This shows that as a whole sex offending occurs across races, although it illustrates that specific sex crimes have a specific racial majority. Research has shown homogeneity in the level of intelligence of sex offenders. Cantor et al. (2005) found that male sex offenders score significantly lower in IQ measures than male who commit non-sexual offences. Nevertheless, this difference is not displayed uniformly across sex offender sub-types; it was found that those offenders that commit rape against adults have the same IQ as non-sexual offenders. It was found that a significant decline in the level of the IQ of the sex offender came hand in hand with a decline in the age of the victim. Cantor et al. (2005) concluded that these results do not indicate that low IQ scores cause sex offending, merely that something may have happened during early childhood to inhibit their cognitive functioning. Studies have supported the conviction that someone who has experienced sexual abuse as a child is more likely to later engage in sex offences. For example Seto and Lalumiere (2008)conducted a meta-analysis and found that sex offenders were much more likely to have been sexually abused than non-offenders. Therefore, groups of adult sex offenders contain a disproportionate number of individuals who have experienced sexual abuse. This provides evidence that sex offenders are homogeneous and a high number of them suffered sexual abuse as a child. Personality research into sex offenders has shown a homogenous trend among sex offenders. Aromaki, Lindman and Eriksson (2002) conducted a study into the levels of antisocial personality traits among a group of Finnish sex offenders and found that 50% had an anti-social personality disorder according to DSM-IV specifics. Furthermore sex offenders reliably demonstrate high levels of psychopathology (Stinson, Becker & Tromp, 2005). In a study of adult sex offenders it was found that 63% of these offenders exhibited a significant level of psychopathic traits ranging from mild to severe. Another homogeneous trait which male sex offenders share is cognitive distortions; cognitive distortions are attitudes and beliefs which offenders use to deny, minimise and rationalise their behaviour (Murphy, 1990). Most rapists tend to conform to attitudes that support men to be ‘dominant, controlling and powerful’ whereas women are expected to be ‘submissive permissive, and compliant’ (Bartol & Bartol, 2008). Furthermore Malamuth and Brown (1994) studied the perceptions of women in sexually aggressive men and found that suspicion was associated with attitudes which supported sexual aggression. These men generally believed that women do not tell the truth when it comes to sex (Milner & Webster, 2005). Also Polsheck and Gannon (2004) found that male rapists view women as hostile and they ‘are dangerous’. The combination of these attitudes and schemas has a strong disinhibitory effect on sex offenders, they encourages them to interpret ambiguous behaviour of their victims as ‘come-ons’ and believe that sexual behaviours that are intended to coerce women are not offensive. They also believe their rape victims derive satisfaction from being assaulted. Lipton, McDonel, & McFall, 1987). Cognitive distortions are also common among child molesters and paedophiles. For example Abel, Becker, and Cunningham-Rathner (1984) outlined seven common cognitive distortions among child molesters these included ‘if children fail to resist advances, they must want sex’, ‘sexual activity with children is an appropriate means to increase the sexual know ledge of the children’ and so on. Several researchers confirm that child molesters do report similar sexual attitudes and beliefs about children. Hayashino et al. 1995) found in a comparison between the level of cognitive distortions of child molesters and non-offenders, that child molesters had more. This shows there is a theme of cognitive distortions among sex offenders. An imbalance of sex hormones has been shown to be a homogeneous factor throughout sex offenders, although the type and levels of hormones do vary between sex offender sub groups. A recent study conducted by Dabbs et al. (1995) high testosterone was found to be linked to crimes of sex and violence, so that the highest risk ratios for high testosterone men were observed for rape, child molestation and homicide, respectively. The Giotakos et al. (2003) study in rapists provides a more complex account of the hormone imbalance noting that, rapists were found to have higher levels of plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and free androgen index than controls but lower levels of a major metabolite of serotonin. In paedophiles several serotonergic disturbances and increased epinephrine levels have been found (Maes et al. , 2001). Thus hormonal imbalances are a congruent theme in various sub-groups of sex offenders, indicating homogeneity. Another homogeneous aspect of the nature sex offenders is there general increase in sexual arousal due to ‘abnormal sexual material’. Many studies have used phallometric measurements in order to measure the sexual arousal of a participant to a specific sexual stimulus. Abel et al. (1997) used this technique to create the rape index which measured responses to erotic material including force and coercion. The men with the highest response have the greater rape potential. A similar index was created for dangerous child molesters (Avery-Clark & Laws, 1984). The validity of this index was confirmed by Wormith (1986) who found that the majority of the classifications based on circumference phallometric measurements of sex offenders were accurate. The final feature of the sex offender which should be discussed is their likelihood to commit recidivism. Some statistics show homogeneity in this area too, Hanson (2001) discovered a 19 percent sexual recidivism rate for child molesters and a 17 percent recidivism rate for rapists during five years follow-up time after release. This points towards rates of recidivism being just under 20 percent for sex offenders. Although other studies show disparity in recidivism rates, one study found a 39 percent recidivism rate in child molesters after a three year follow up (Langan, Schmitt & Durose, 2003). In conclusion, although research indicates significant fundamental homogeneous themes of sex offenders such as alcoholism, low IQ, high school drop-out, history of sexual abuse, unskilled occupations, hormone imbalance, cognitive distortions and personality disorders. However these were shown to vary depending on the sub-group of sex offenders being discussed. Research has shown that sub-groups of rapists and child molesters vary on levels on the themes previously discussed. Demonstrating sex offenders can be divided into clear heterogeneous sub-groups based on their nature. This paper has highlighted the complexities of researching the heterogeneity of the offender as a whole group and has clearly supported the idea that sex offenders have inter-group heterogeneous characteristics. References Aromaki, A. S. , Lindman, R. E. and Eriksson, C. J. P. (2002) Testosterone, sexuality and antisocial personality in rapists and child molesters: a pilot study. Psychiatry research110 (3), 239-247. Bartol, C. R. , & Bartol, A. M. (2008). Criminal behaviour: a psychosocial approach, 8th Ed. Pearson Education. Chapter 12 & 13. Blumenthal, S. , Gudjonsson, G. and Burns, J. (1999) Cognitive distortions and blame attribution in sex offenders against adults and children. Child abuse & neglect23 (2), 129-143. Giotakos, O. , Markianos, M. , Vaidakis, N. and Christodoulou, G. N. (2004) Sex hormones and biogenic amine turnover of sex offenders in relation to their temperament and character dimensions. Psychiatry research127 (3), 185-193. Howitt, D. (2002). Forensic and criminal psychology. Prentice Hall: Pearson. Chapter 9 & 10 Jespersen, A. F. , Lalumiere, M. L. and Seto, M. C. (2009) Sexual abuse history among adult sex offenders and non-sex offenders: A meta-analysis. Child abuse & neglect33 (3), 179-192. Johnson, J. L (2006), Sex offenders on federal community supervision: Factors that influence revocation. Federal probation a journal of correctional philosophy and practice 70 (1). Milner, R. J. , & Webster, S. D. (2005). Identifying Schemas in Child Molesters, Rapists and Violent Offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, 425 – 439. Robertiello, G. and Terry, K. J. (2007) Can we profile sex offenders? A review of sex offender typologies. Aggression and Violent Behavior12 (5), 508-518. Stinson, J. D. , Becker, J. V. and Tromp, S. (2005) A preliminary study on findings of psychopathy and affective disorders in adult sex offenders. International journal of law and psychiatry28 (6), 637-649. Taft, B. , Wilkinson, R. A. , Stickrath, T. J. (2001) Profile of ODRC sex offenders assessed at sex offender risk reduction center. Journal of rehabilitation and correction (1) www. womenscenter. virginia. edu/sdvs/assault/definition

Cypriot Banking Crysis Scr

CY ————————————————- [ ] ————————————————- CSR essay Kozhevnikova E. , Sadokhina A. , Yatisyshina P. [ ? . . ] The problem2 Time-line2 Reasons of crisis in Cypriot banking sector:4 Moral Dilemmas4 The problem The current crisis of banking system in Cyprus had raised difficult moral dilemmas for Cypriot government, members of Euro Union and other affiliated governments.Cypriot banks became unable to secure the deposits due to several reasons: the Greek crisis, crisis in real estate sector. It provided relatively high income on deposits, which is always associated with risky investments. The macroeconomic situation in the world only worsened the situation. To sum up, the some of the banks simply lost the money of the depositors. In this case, the problem o f allocation of losses appeared. Who should bear the losses for the mistakes made by Cypriot banks, which were aggravated by the multiple unfavorable circumstances?The depositors who brought their money to banks? All of them? Prosperous European countries? We should remember, that the ones who are in charge of this situation simply can’t cover that costs (banks have no liquid assets cover the losses). In this paper we discuss the impacts of different possible solutions of this problem from the point of ethics theories. We start we describing the background of the problem including time-line of facts, the reasons for crisis of Banking System, than we move on to reviewing different options of how to save Cypriot economy using theories of ethics.Time-line * 14-15 March – EU-summit as a result of which was reaching the deal between Cyprus Euro Zone and IMF (International Monetary Fund) for a 10 billion Euro bailout on condition that Cyprus imposes a one-off levy of 6,75% t o insured deposits (under 100 000 Euro) and 9,9% to uninsured deposits (over 100 000 Euro). So that Cyprus will provide 5,8 billion Euros to secure the 10-billion bailout. * March 16 – first day of Cyprus Bank closure after the government announced Bank holidays. The idea of imposing a tax on ordinary depositors resulted in mass protest-demonstration of Cypriots, citizens also protested against Germany dictating such hush conditions. It had also caused anxiety in other countries – for setting such an extraordinary and threatening precedent. * March 19 – the Cyprus Parliament rejects a 10 billion Euro bailout package (lawmakers voted 36 against 19 abstaining) arguing that it is unacceptable to take money from regular account holders.The chairmen of the Cyprus Investor Association said Parliaments’ rejection of the deal  «will buy us some time to see if we can come up with a better agreement » * The President of Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades proposed to mak e an exception for deposits with less that 20 000 Euros to calm the public, but that didn’t work out either * The failed vote intensified the relationship between Cypriot government and EU. Cypriots accused EU for pressing them to accept an unacceptable deal that heats ordinary savers and pensioners.In return, German officials and IMF stated that they didn’t force Cypriot government to impose the deposit on depositors but that one way or another the country must come up with the rest 5,8 billion Euros to secure the bailout. * The next step included testing to which extent Russia would be willing to assist Cyprus in this difficult situation. Investments of Russian depositors accounted for about 20 billion Euros in Cypriot banks, so Russia is for sure an affiliated party.Russian officials reacted furiously to the proposed tax deposit bank * March 22 – Cyprus adopted legislation that allows the government to split the Cypriot lenders into good banks and bad banks a nd creates resolution framework to wind down banks. * March 24 – a new bailout deal between Eurozone and Cyprus. Cyprus will get a 10 billion Euro bailout on condition that Laiki (Popular) Bank, the second largest bank in Cyprus will be wound down.The deposits under 100 000 Euros will be fully compensated by the government, the depositors with more than 100 000 Euros on their accounts will face extremely huge losses. In this case Cyprus successfully avoided being excluded from EU, which occurred to be highly probable. What is more, this solution pensioners and clients with small deposits (which mean with low income level) won’t be affected, so the anger of the public will be reduced. Finally, two biggest Banks will be restructured: Laiki Bank will be wind down, Bank of Cyprus will capitalize at the expense of it’s clients; insured deposits of Laiki Bank will be transferred to Bank of Cyprus, owners of uninsured deposits of Laiki Bank will lose up to 80% of their deposits; 37,5% of uninsured deposits of Bank of Cyprus are transferred into stocks of Bank of Cyprus which actually cost nothing, 22,5% will be frozen so clients have no right to use that sums of money.In this case the costs of bank mistakes lay down on clients with deposits over 100 000 Euros. By the way, most of such clients are Russian (Russian investments in Cypriot bank sector are estimated 26 bn Euro, they exceed Cypriot GDP which is around 18 bn Euro). Russians were happy to use Cyprus as an offshore – due to double taxation agreement. This was a place where nobody asked where that money came from. At the same time EU and Cyprus were happy to transfer the costs to Russian depositors by expropriating their depsits.Is it ethical? Not the easiest question to answer One more concerning fact: . ? 1 15 ( ) ? . , ? . , . ? ? . - - ? . - Reasons of crisis in Cypriot banking sector:The Greek financial crisis had put in danger the stabil ity of all Eurozone. But the greatest impact was imposed on Cyprus due to their strong economic and financial bonds. Cyprus's banking sector was affected the most. It became quite clear that banking system of Cyprus is in danger a couple of years ago. Stavrakis   -the Finance Minister of Cyprus said:  «We are a small country and most importantly, we have a banking system which has invested heavily in Greek bonds ». Nevertheless, the minister assured that Cypriot anking system was safe and sound, that it had a strong capital base and that there was a huge inflow of foreign deposits which helped to stabilize the situation. Anyway, the prime reason of crisis in Cypriot banking sector is cancellation of Greek bonds. It was not a secret that Cypriot banks invested heavily in long-term Greek bonds, so when a default in Greece was announced and it was stated that Greece is not going to fulfill its bonds obligations, and, as a result, the trust in Cypriot banks declined. As the trust in banks decline, depositors tend to take back their money.But this is a trap: something happens in the banking industry, depositors leave, at the same time a lot of bank assets are frozen in long-term obligations. Theoretically, the bank has or practically has enough assets to return everything to clients, but these assets are not liquid, so at the moment when clients start to panic and claim for their money, the bank is under threat of running out of liquid assets to pay to clients. This can happen to any bank, even the most reliable one. The moment panic begins – the bank is under great threat.This is why laws that don’t allow taking back deposits at any moment may be quite reasonable. Here is a breath summary of reason of Cypriot banking sector crisis: * Huge investments of Cypriot banking sector in Greek default economy =; sufficient losses and asset write-downs of Cypriot banks * A strong offshore orientation of Cypriot economy: total sum of deposits heavily exce ed GDP * As a result the government (does it have to? ) is not able to compensate the losses of depositors * Unfavorable macroeconomic situation in EU and world The fact that Cypriot banks haven’t revalued their assets for a long time, so the assets were overestimated * And many other reasons that we will understand 20 years after Moral Dilemmas Here is a list of moral dilemmas occur in such a complicated situation: 1) Who should bear the risk of bank bankruptcy? Government/all customers/the richest customers/other countries’ governments/†¦ 2) Can expropriation be ethical? 3) 4) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424127887323605404578384331402208120. html [ 2 ]. http://www. nytimes. om/2013/03/20/business/global/cyprus-rejects-tax-on-bank-deposits. html? _r=0 [ 3 ]. http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-europe-21916102 [ 4 ]. http://lent a. ru/news/2013/03/25/threat/ [ 5 ]. http://somo. nl/dossiers-en/sectors/financial/eu-financial-reforms/newsletter-items/issue-17-march-2013/innovative-approach-in-cyprus-bailout [ 6 ]. http://www. cyprusnewsreport. com/? q=node/4239 [ 7 ]. http://www. mondaq. com/x/231362/Financial+Services/The+Latest+Developments+In+The+Cyprus+Banking+Sector [ 8 ]. http://www. reuters. com/article/2013/03/22/us-column-cyprus-investing-saft-idUSBRE92L0UV20130322